
通过酸酐和胺反应制备酰胺是一种很常用的酰胺化方法,常见的混酐分为两种:一种是羧酸混酐,另一种是碳酸混酐。酸酐与酰卤类似,亦能作胺的酰化剂,但酸酐的活性比相应的酰卤弱,因此它的胺的反应速度比酰卤慢。一般用碱催化, 反应也可被酸催化。

碳酸混酐除了常见的氯甲酸酯和Boc2O,还有一个就是EEDQ,EEDQ也是通过生成碳酸混酐进行酰胺化的,机理见下方。EEDQ最早在1968年被用于酰胺化反应【J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 1651】,其形成了和氯甲酸乙酯相同的碳酸混酐中间。EEDQ进行酰基化和CDI类似不需要另外加入碱。此试剂廉价易得,应用广泛,生成的副产物(喹啉,乙醇)可以通过酸性水溶液去除。缺点是生成乙醇副产物可能和混酐反应生成乙酯。
反应机理
形成的碳酸混酐中间体两个羰基是不等价的,胺通常会进攻羧酸的羰基,因为碳酸的羰基亲电性较弱,这也是为什么空间位阻较小的氯甲酸乙酯也能得到酰胺化产物的原因(羧酸的混酐通过增加另外一个羧酸的空间位阻来增加选择性)。

反应实例

【Org.Process Res. Dev. 2005, 9, 499】
编译自:Large-Scale Applications of Amide Coupling Reagents for the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals,Org. Process Res. Dev. 2016, 20, 140−177
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