常见有机物与高锰酸钾的反应

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高锰酸钾是有机化学常用试剂，一般来讲，它的还原产物规律如下。

酸性环境下高锰酸钾还原产物几乎为无色，有利于观察反应现象，有机化学中经常用到硫酸酸化的高锰酸钾溶液。


常见易被高锰酸钾氧化的有机物


含不饱和碳碳键双键或叁键的物质，如烯烃、二烯烃、炔烃、苯乙烯、植物油、油酸、聚异戊二烯(天然橡胶)、裂化汽油等。


苯的同系物、苯酚、醇。


含醛基的物质，如蚁醛(甲醛)、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蚁酸(甲酸)、甲酸酯等。


某些具有还原性的维生素，如维生素C、维生素E等


烯、炔与高锰酸钾(H+)溶液的反应


烯、炔分子中的碳碳π键易断裂，发生反应生成烃的含氧衍生物。


烯烃被高锰酸钾溶液氧化后的产物通常如下表所示。



如：R-CH=CH-R→2RCOOH

       R-CH=CH2→R-COOH+CO2

       R2C=CH-R→RCOR+R-COOH


炔烃被高锰酸钾溶液氧化为羧酸和二氧化碳。


R-C≡CH→R-COOH+CO2


根据烯、炔的氧化产物，还可以确定原烯、炔分子中不饱和键的数目和位置，推测其分子结构。如下题：


某烯烃与酸性KMnO4溶液作用后得到的氧化产物有CO2、乙二酸(HOOC-COOH)和丙酮 (CH3COCH3 )，则该烯烃结构简式可能是


由题意不难得到烯烃中的部分结构：CH2=、=CH-CH=、(CH3)2C=，上面选项中只有一个三者都有，是不是很容易找出答案？


苯的同系物与高锰酸钾(H+)溶液的反应


苯的同系物分子中的苯环结构比较稳定，不易被氧化，但侧链烃基具有α-氢原子时(有机物中与官能团直接相连的碳原子叫做α-碳原子，这里指与苯环直接相连的碳原子上的氢原子)，α-碳原子容易被高锰酸钾（或重铬酸钾）等强氧化剂氧化成为羧基，如果α-碳上没有氢原子,则侧链不易被氧化。


如甲苯、乙苯氧化均得到苯甲酸，下图中第3个反应中，没有α-氢原子的烃基不易被氧化。



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